Executive Function and Autism

Greg Wallace, Ph.D., discusses executive functioning and its impacts on lived experiences across the lifespan in autism. He defines executive function (EF) as it relates to cognitive processes, the neuropsychological framework, and real-world outcomes. The presenter provides historical context for EF within autism, highlighting flexibility as the most common EF difficulty for autistic individuals. He outlines recent studies on EF profiles of autistic children, adolescents, and adults, underscoring the connection of EF to quality of life and successful daily living skills across autistic adulthood. Wallace highlights the critical importance of EF in real-world outcomes and notes the severe lack of support beyond early adulthood before starting the question-and-answer session.

Learn more about our speaker, Greg Wallace, Ph.D. HERE
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In this webinar: 

0:38 – Speaker introduction
1:46 – Neuropsychological framework
3:28 – What is executive function (EF)
5:41 – EF demonstration
6:42 – Why do we care about EF?
7:54 – EF and autism
12:20 – Common EF challenges in autism
13:36 – Lab-based vs real-world measures
16:32 – Behavior Rating Inventory EF (BRIEF)
19:08 – Research questions
20:38 – Study 1: EF profile child/adolescent
24:11 – Study 2: EF profile young adults
26:30 – Conclusions: EF profiles in autistic children/adolescents and adults
28:52 – Study 3: Adult outcomes in autism
31:20 – Participant characteristics
32:00 – Outcome measures
35:24 – Regression methods
36:30 – Results
39:09 – Daily livings skills results
40:00 – Conclusion: EF outcomes across autistic adulthood
41:34 – Future research needs
43:26 – Summary and conclusions
44:46 – Acknowledgments
45:15 – Q & A – contact information

What is executive function?

Executive function (EF) is an umbrella term describing a set of cognitive processes that dictate behavioral regulation and influence the ability to attain proximal goals. These processes include working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and more (3:28). Wallace demonstrates how EF processes regulate thoughts, actions, and emotions to achieve goals like math homework, group chats, and adaptive functioning (5:41). Therefore, he continues, EF is critical to independence and our ability to function optimally in daily life (6:27) as it provides context and longitudinal predictability for real-world outcomes (6:42). 

EF was first linked to autism in the 1970s (7:54) and was described using the Wisconsin Card Matching Test, which assesses cognitive flexibility (11:50). Cognitive flexibility, the most frequently occurring EF challenge in autism, affects one’s ability to transition from one activity to another, accept changes in routines, and manage violations of expectations (12:20). 

Research questions and methods

Wallace details the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) (16:32) and presents research questions addressed by him and his team (19:40): 

1. What is the profile of real-world EF problems among autistic children, adolescents, and young adults? 
2. Do these EF issues predict co-occurring psychopathology (i.e., anxiety and depression symptoms), which negatively impact outcomes in autistic children, adolescents, and young adults?

Wallace and his colleagues conducted three studies to address these questions. Each study utilized the BRIEF and a second rating scale specific to participant age and study purpose. Results split aspects of EF into two categories: The behavior Regulation Index (BRI), which includes flexibility and inhibition, and the Metacognition Index (MI), including working memory and planning/organizing. Researchers ran controlled regressions (age and IQ) for each study.  

Study 1: Executive function profile of autistic children and adolescents

210 autistic children and adolescents (5 – 18 years old) without intellectual disability (83% male) completed the BRIEF and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (20:38). The EF profile showed clinically significant scores (1.5 standard deviations) across numerous domains, with the highest in flexibility (21:10). Regression analyses revealed that BRIEF indices predicted symptoms of depression and anxiety well beyond the influence of age and IQ. Specifically, BRI predicted anxiety symptoms, and BRI & MI predicted depression symptoms (22:33). 

Study 2: Executive function profile of autistic young adults

Thirty-five autistic young adults without intellectual disability (31 male) completed the BRIEF and the Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL) (24:11). Results showed high scores across the board, with planning and organizing as the most clinically significant. Regressions found that BRI predicted anxiety symptoms while MI (alone) predicted depression symptoms (24:51). 

Wallace asserts that these two studies reveal autistic children, adolescents, and young adults have difficulties with flexibility. However, MI issues are more prominent than BRI issues in autistic young adults which could be due to earlier maturation of BRI in the non-autistic population or expectations of adulthood that align with MI skills (26:30). As MI and BRI predicted depression and anxiety symptoms, the speaker posits that EF as a treatment target could have positive downstream influences on co-occurring symptoms that negatively impact life satisfaction and quality (28:14). 

Study 3: The role of executive function challenges in outcomes for autistic individuals

This study aimed to evidence the way EF challenges play in outcomes (community-based paid employment) for autistic individuals, especially those with intellectual disabilities (28:52). Six hundred twenty-eight participants with an autism diagnosis (59% female) from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds with an average age of 39 (31:20) completed a series of self-reports and outcome measures (BDEFS, FS-R) as well as subjective quality of life and daily living skills assessments (WHOQOL-BREF, ASQOL, W-ADL) (32:00). Controlled linear regressions (35:24) revealed that ER difficulties are related to lower physical and psychological quality of life, and that social relationship quality of life decreases with age, autistic traits, and EF. Increased EF correlates with lower autism-specific quality of life (36:30), and living skills increased with age, although low inhibitory control and flexibility correspond with poorer daily living skills (39:09). 

Conclusions

Based on these findings, Wallace concludes that EF is linked to subjective quality of life and daily living skills outcomes across autistic adulthood. Further, he continues, such links between EF and adult outcomes suggest that differential interventions, accommodation, and support services must be based on a desired development or improvement (40:00). The speaker asserts that these studies evidence the critical importance of EF to real-world outcomes in autism. While intervention developments for children and adolescents are well underway, services and supports beyond early adulthood are severely lacking (43:26). Wallace touches on future research directions (41:34) before opening the question and answer session, where he discusses apparent gender biases and more (45:15).

Looking for more information on this topic? Visit our playback and knowledge quiz for Sensory Strategies at Home presented by Moira Peña, BScOT, MOT, OT Reg HERE